Papel da biópsia da incisura angular no estadiamento da gastrite e na avaliação de risco do câncer gástrico / Role of incisura angularis biopsy in gastritis staging and risk assessment of gastric câncer

ABSTRACT Background: Gastric atrophy (GA) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) are early stages in the development of gastric cancer. Evaluations are based on the Updated Sydney System, which includes a biopsy of the incisura angularis (IA), and the Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment (OLGA) and Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment using Intestinal Metaplasia (OLGIM) gastric cancer risk staging systems. Objective: To compare the OLGA and OLGIM classifications with and without IA biopsy. In addition, to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) and pre-neoplastic changes (GA and IM) in different biopsied regions and to identify the exclusive findings of IA. Methods: Observational, prospective, descriptive, unicentric study with 350 patients without a diagnosis of gastric cancer, who underwent upper digestive endoscopy with biopsies at Gastroclínica Itajaí, from March 2020 to May 2022. The histopathological classification of gastritis followed the Updated Sydney System, and the gastric cancer risk assessment followed the OLGA and OLGIM systems. The methodology applied evaluated the scores of the OLGA and OLGIM systems with and without the assessment of the IA biopsy. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive measures (frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation, 95% confidence interval). Ranks were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis or Wilcoxon tests. To analyze the relationship between the frequencies, the bilateral Fisher's exact test was used. Wilson's score with continuity correction was applied to the confidence interval. Results: The median age was 54.7 years, with 52.57% female and 47.43% male patients. The comparison between the used biopsies protocol (corpus + antrum [CA] vs corpus + antrum + incisura angularis [CAI]) and the OLGA and OLGIM stages showed a significant decrease in both staging systems when the biopsy protocol restricted to the corpus and antrum was applied (OLGA CAI vs CA; P=0.008 / OLGIM CAI vs CA; P=0.002). The prevalence of pre-malignant lesions (GA, IM and dysplasia) of the gastric mucosa was (33.4%, 34% and 1.1%, respectively) in the total sample. The antrum region exhibited significantly higher numbers of alteration (P<0.001), except for HP infection, which was present in 24.8% of the patients. Conclusion: Incisura angularis biopsy is important because it increased the number of cases diagnosed in more advanced stages of intestinal metaplasia and atrophy. The study had limitations, with the main one being the relatively small sample size, consisting mostly of healthy individuals, although mostly elderly.

RESUMO Contexto: A atrofia gástrica (AG) e a metaplasia intestinal (MI) são estágios iniciais do desenvolvimento do câncer gástrico. As avaliações são baseadas no Sistema de Sydney Atualizado, que inclui uma biópsia da incisura angular (IA), e nos sistemas de estadiamento de risco de câncer gástrico Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment (OLGA) e Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment using Intestinal Metaplasia (OLGIM). Objetivo: Comparar as classificações OLGA e OLGIM com e sem biópsia da IA. Além disso, determinar a prevalência de Helicobacter pylori (HP) e alterações pré-neoplásicas (AG e MI) em diferentes regiões biopsiadas e identificar os achados exclusivos da IA. Métodos: Estudo observacional, prospectivo, descritivo, unicêntrico, com 350 pacientes sem diagnóstico de câncer gástrico, submetidos à endoscopia digestiva alta com biópsias na Gastroclínica Itajaí, no período de março de 2020 a maio de 2022. A classificação histopatológica da gastrite seguiu o Sistema de Sydney Atualizado, e a avaliação do risco de câncer gástrico seguiu os sistemas OLGA e OLGIM. A metodologia aplicada avaliou os escores dos sistemas OLGA e OLGIM com e sem a avaliação da biópsia da IA. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio de medidas descritivas (frequências, porcentagens, média, desvio padrão, intervalo de confiança de 95%). As classificações foram comparadas usando os testes de Kruskal-Wallis ou Wilcoxon. Para analisar a relação entre as frequências, foi usado o teste exato de Fisher bilateral. O escore de Wilson com correção de continuidade foi aplicado ao intervalo de confiança. Resultados: A idade média foi de 54.7 anos, com 52.57% de pacientes do sexo feminino e 47.43% do sexo masculino. A comparação entre o protocolo de biópsias utilizado (corpo + antro [CA] vs corpo + antro + incisura angular [CAI]) e os estágios OLGA e OLGIM mostrou uma diminuição significativa em ambos os sistemas de estadiamento quando o protocolo de biópsia restrito ao corpo e ao antro foi aplicado (OLGA CAI vs CA; P=0.008 / OLGIM CAI vs CA; P=0.002). A prevalência de lesões pré-malignas (GA, MI e displasia) da mucosa gástrica foi de (33.4%, 34% e 1.1%, respectivamente) na amostra total. A região do antro exibiu um número significativamente maior de alterações (P<0.001), com exceção da infecção por HP, que estava presente em 24.8% dos pacientes. Conclusão: A biópsia de IA é importante porque aumentou o número de casos diagnosticados em estágios mais avançados de MI e AG. O estudo teve limitações, sendo a principal delas o tamanho relativamente pequeno da amostra, composta principalmente por indivíduos saudáveis, embora em sua maioria idosos.

Helicobacter pylori infection: A balance between bacteria and host / Helicobacter pylori: un balance entre bacterias y huésped

Abstract In Argentina, despite the important studies conducted on the prevalence of infection and the antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori, there are no reports simultaneously analyzing a profile of virulence factors of the bacterium and polymorphisms in cytokine genes in patients with different alterations in the gastric mucosa (including intestinal metaplasia, IM). Our aim was to evaluate H. pylori genotypes in 132 adult patients with chronic gastritis presenting three different histological findings (inactive chronic gastritis, active chronic gastritis IM( and active chronic gastritis IM+) along with SNP-174 G>C in the IL-6 gene. cagA, vacA and babA2 genes were analyzed by multiplex PCR. The -174 G>C SNP IL-6 gene was analyzed by PCR-RFLP. Patients with active chronic gastritis IM+ showed the highest proportion of the cagA(+)/IL-6GG, cagA(+)/vacAm1s1/IL-6GG and cagA(+)/vacAm1s1/babA2(+)/IL-6GG combinations (p<0.05). There was 4-5 times greater probability of finding patients presenting the GG genotype for SNP-174 G>C IL-6, which in turn were infected with the most virulent H. pylori genotypes -cagA(+), cagA(+)/vacAm1s1 and cagA(+)/vacAm1s1/babA2- in the ACGIM+ group in comparison to the ICG group. Our results provide regional data to the idea that the transition towards severe alterations in the gastric mucosa would be the result of a balance between specific factors of H. pylori and inherent host factors. This fact can be useful to identify patients at greater risk and to select those individuals requiring appropriate eradication treatment to prevent progression to gastric cancer.

Resumen En Argentina, a pesar de los importantes estudios realizados sobre la prevalencia de infección y la resistencia a antibióticos de Helicobacter pylori, no existen reportes que analicen simultáneamente un perfil de factores de virulencia de la bacteria y polimorfismos en genes de citoquinas en pacientes con diferentes alteraciones en la mucosa gástrica (incluida la metaplasia intestinal [MI]). Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar genotipos de H. pylori en 132 pacientes adultos con gastritis crónica, con tres diferentes hallazgos histológicos (gastritis crónica inactiva [GCI], gastritis crónica activa [MI(] y gastritis crónica activa [MI+]), junto con el SNP-174 G>C en el gen de IL- 6. Los genes cagA, vacA y babA2 se analizaron mediante PCR multiplex. El SNP-174 G>C IL-6 se analizó mediante PCR-RFLP. Los pacientes con gastritis crónica activa MI+ mostraron la mayor proporción de combinaciones cagA(+)/IL-6GG, cagA(+)/vacAm1s1/IL-6GG y cagA(+)/vacAm1s1/babA2(+)/IL-6GG (p<0,05). Hubo 4-5 veces mayor probabilidad de encontrar pacientes con el genotipo GG en SNP-174 G>C IL-6 y a su vez infectados con los genotipos más virulentos de H. pylori-cagA(+), cagA(+)/vacAm1s1 y cagA(+)/vacAm1s1/babA2-en el grupo gastritis crónica activa MI+ en comparación con el grupo GCI. Nuestros resultados aportan datos regionales a la idea de que la transición hacia alteraciones más graves en la mucosa gástrica resultaría de un equilibrio entre factores específicos de H. pylori y factores inherentes al huésped. Esto puede ser útil para identificar pacientes con mayor riesgo y seleccionar aquellos individuos que requieran un apropiado tratamiento de erradicación para prevenir la progresión al cáncer gástrico.

Prevalencia y localización gástrica del Helicobacter pylori en pacientes con atrofia y metaplasia intestinal en una institución de alta complejidad en Colombia / Prevalence and Gastric Location of Helicobacter pylori in Patients with Intestinal Atrophy and Metaplasia in a Tertiary Care Institution in Colombia

Resumen Introducción: Helicobacter pylori juega un papel fundamental en la cascada de carcinogénesis del cáncer gástrico tipo intestinal; sin embargo, no existe claridad respecto a su prevalencia en condiciones preneoplásicas que generan cambio en el microambiente de la mucosa. Actualmente se recomienda la vigilancia endoscópica por protocolo de Sydney cada 2 a 3 años, pero no es clara la presencia de H. pylori en la región subcardial y el fondo gástrico. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia y localización gástrica del H. pylori en pacientes con condiciones preneoplásicas. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal en adultos con diagnóstico previo de atrofia o metaplasia intestinal que ingresaron a endoscopia de control, a quienes se les tomaron biopsias del antro, cuerpo, incisura angularis, región subcardial y fondo gástrico. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los resultados por regiones gástricas. Resultados: se recolectó la información de 160 pacientes con una prevalencia de H. pylori del 37,5 %, la cual fue en aumento de proximal a distal iniciando con una prevalencia de 12,5 % en la región subcardial hasta una prevalencia de 30,6 % en el antro; hubo un patrón similar en la prevalencia de lesiones preneoplásicas. Se observó una mayor presencia de lesiones avanzadas (displasia, carcinoma) en la incisura. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de H. pylori en condiciones premalignas evidenció una mayor presencia en las regiones distales en comparación con las proximales, y es más frecuente en la región antral y menor en la región subcardial. En cuanto a la distribución gástrica de atrofia y metaplasia, se encontró mayor compromiso en el antro y la incisura, y es baja en la región subcardial y el fondo.

Abstract Introduction: Helicobacter pylori infection plays a critical role in the carcinogenesis cascade of intestinal gastric cancer. However, its prevalence in preneoplastic conditions generating changes in the gastric mucosa is unclear. Currently, endoscopic surveillance using the Sydney protocol is suggested every 2 to 3 years, but the presence of H. pylori infection in the subcardial region and gastric fundus is ill-defined. Objective: to determine the prevalence and gastric location of H. pylori infection in patients with preneoplastic conditions. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional study in adults with a previous diagnosis of atrophy or intestinal metaplasia who entered control endoscopy and were antrum, body, incisura angularis, subcardial region, and gastric fundus biopsied. A descriptive analysis of the results by gastric regions was performed. Results: data from 160 patients with a prevalence of H. pylori of 37.5% were collected. It increased from proximal to distal, starting with a 12.5% prevalence in the subcardial region to a 30.6% prevalence in the antrum. In addition, there was a similar pattern in the prevalence of preneoplastic lesions. Furthermore, advanced lesions (dysplasia, carcinoma) were observed in the incisura. Conclusions: the prevalence of H. pylori in precancerous conditions showed a high presence in the distal regions compared to the proximal ones, and it is more frequent in the antrum and lower in the subcardial region. As for the gastric distribution of atrophy and metaplasia, more involvement was found in the antrum and angular notch and lower in the subcardial region and fundus.

Identificación y evaluación de lesiones gástricas premalignas asociadas a la infección por Helicobacter pylori / Identification and evaluation of premalignant gastric lesions associated with Helicobacter pylori infection

Introducción: La infección por Helicobacter pylori es la causa principal de enfermedades gastroduodenales (gastritis crónica, úlceras pépticas y cáncer gástrico). En Guatemala existen pocos estudios sobre la prevalencia de H. pylori y su relación con enfermedades gastrointestinales, particularmente con cáncer. Objetivos: Identificar la presencia de lesiones premalignas (atrofia gástrica, metaplasia intestinal y displasia) y su relación con la infección por H. pylori en pacientes de consulta externa en unidades de gastroenterología de dos hospitales nacionales de la ciudad de Guatemala. Métodos: El diagnóstico histopatológico y bacteriológico se realizó por medio de las tinciones de H & E y Giemsa, cultivo e identificación bioquímica, detección de anticuerpos específicos mediante la prueba ELISA, diagnóstico molecular por la amplificación del gen glmM y genotipificación por PCR para identificar los genes VacA y CagA. Se analizaron datos clínico-epidemiológicos de los pacientes, la prevalencia de la infección por H. pylori y la genotipificación de la bacteria. Resultados: En 293 de los pacientes estudiados (83 por ciento) se encontró algún tipo de lesión premaligna; las más frecuentes fueron la atrofia gástrica (70 por ciento), metaplasia intestinal (11 por ciento) y displasia gástrica (2 por ciento). El 17 por ciento de los pacientes no presentó lesiones premalignas. Se halló una prevalencia de infección por H. pylori del 58 por ciento, y el gen cagA se detectó en 118 (57 por ciento) de los pacientes infectados. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes presentó atrofia gástrica (70 por ciento) y el 43,5 por ciento estaba infectado por H. pylori, principalmente con cepas CagA positivo. Este hecho confirma la importancia del estudio de H. pylori y su relación con cáncer gástrico(AU)

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori infection is the main cause of gastroduodenal diseases (chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer). In Guatemala few studies have been carried out on the prevalence of H. pylori and its relationship with gastrointestinal diseases, particularly with cancer. Objective: To identify the presence of premalignant lesions (gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia) and their relationship with H. pylori infection in outpatients in gastroenterology units in two national hospitals in Guatemala City. Methods: Histopathological and bacteriological diagnostic testings were performed by H & E and Giemsa stain, culture and biochemical identification, detection of specific antibodies by ELISA, molecular diagnosis by glmM gene amplification, and genotypification by PCR to identify vacA and cagA genes. Clinical and epidemiological data from patients, prevalence of H. pylori infection, and bacterium genotypification were analyzed. Results: Among the studied patients, 293 (83 percent) presented some type of premalignant lesion. The most prevalent were gastric atrophy (70 percent), intestinal metaplasia (11 percent), and gastric dysplasia (2 percent). Seventeen percent of the patients did not have any premalignant lesions. The prevalence of H. pylori infection was 58 percent, and cagA gene was identified in 118 (57 percent) of the infected patients. Conclusions: The majority of the patients presented gastric atrophy (70 percent), and 43.5 percent were infected by H. pylori, mainly with positive cagA strains. This finding confirms the importance of studying H. pylori and its relationship with gastric cancer(AU)

Estimación de la frecuencia de infección por Helicobacter pylori en pacientes con lesiones potencialmente malignas gástricas del municipio de Pasto-Nariño, 2016-2019 / Estimation of the frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with potentially malignant stomach lesions of the city of Pasto- Nariño, 2016-2019

Resumen Objetivo: Estimar la frecuencia de infección por Helicobacter pylori en lesiones potencialmente malignas gástricas de pacientes de la ciudad de Pasto, Nariño. Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo con análisis secundario de información sociodemográfica e histopatológica obtenida de reportes de patología para biopsias gástricas de pacientes del departamento de Nariño, Colombia del año 2016-2019. Resultados: Los pacientes de la ciudad de Pasto (n=359) presentaron una frecuencia de infección por Helicobacter pylori de 35.6%, siendo significativamente mayor en hombres que en mujeres (p=0.037). La edad promedio de los hombres positivos para Helicobacter pylori fue de 44 años y de las mujeres de 47 años (p<0.001). La edad promedio de los casos de gastritis crónica atrófica en hombres y mujeres fue de 49 y 54 años respectivamente (p<0.001) y de metaplasia intestinal fue de 59 años en hombres y 61 años en mujeres (p<0.001). Conclusiones: En el presente estudio, la detección de Helicobacter pylori fue mayor en el grupo de hombres en comparación al de las mujeres (43.2% vs 31.6% respectivamente). La frecuencia de gastritis crónica atrófica y metaplasia intestinal en hombres fue de 37.9% y 23.1% respectivamente; mientras que en mujeres fue de 35.2% y 15.1% respectivamente.

Abstract Aim: To estimate the frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection in potentially malignant stomach lesions in patients of the city of Pasto- Nariño. Materials and methods: Retrospective study with secondary analysis of sociodemographic and histopathological information derived from pathology reports for gastric biopsies of patients from the department of Nariño, Colombia from year 2016-2019. Results: Patients from the city of Pasto (n=359) presented a percentage of detection for Helicobacter pylori of 35.6% and the infection was significantly higher in men than in women (p=0.037). The average age of men positive for Helicobacter pylori was 44 years and women 47 years (p<0.001). The average age of the cases of chronic atrophic gastritis in men and women was 49 and 54 years respectively (p<0.001) and for intestinal metaplasia cases, the average age was 59 years in men and 61 years in women (p<0.001). Conclusions: In the present study, the detection of Helicobacter pylori was higher in the male group compared to the female group (43.2% vs 31.6% respectively). The frequency of atrophic chronic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in men was 37.9% and 23.1% respectively; in women was 35.2% and 15.1% respectively.

Papel da biópsia da incisura angular no estadiamento da gastrite e na avaliação de risco do câncer gástrico / Role of incisura angularis biopsy in gastritis staging and risk assessment of gastric cancer

Introdução: A atrofia gástrica (AG) e metaplasia intestinal (MI) são condições préneoplásicas no desenvolvimento de câncer gástrico, onde a avaliação endoscópica e histopatológica baseia-se no sistema atualizado de Sydney que inclui uma biópsia da incisura angular (IA) na sua avaliação, assim como os sistemas de estadiamento de risco de câncer gástrico Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment (OLGA) e o Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment using Intestinal Metaplasia (OLGIM). Objetivo: Comparar as classificações OLGA e OLGIM com e sem a biópsia da IA. Além disso, determinar a prevalência de Helicobacter pylori (HP) e das alterações pré-neoplásicas (AG, MI e displasia) por região biopsiada, e ainda identificar os achados exclusivos da IA, além de identificar potenciais fatores de risco para câncer gástrico associados às alterações pré-neoplásicas. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo observacional, retrospectivo e prospectivo, descritivo, unicêntrico com 350 pacientes sem diagnóstico de neoplasia gástrica, que realizaram endoscopia digestiva alta com biópsias na Gastroclínica Itajaí, no período de novembro de 2017 até outubro de 2018 (retrospectivo) e de março de 2020 a maio de 2022. A classificação histopatológica de gastrite obedeceu ao sistema Sydney atualizado, e a avaliação do risco de câncer gástrico aos sistemas OLGA e OLGIM. A metodologia aplicada avaliou os escores dos sistemas OLGA e OLGIM com e sem a avaliação da biópsia da IA. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando medidas descritivas (frequências, porcentagens, média, desvio padrão, intervalo de confiança de 95%). A comparação entre os ranks foi feita pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis ou Wilcoxon. Para analisar a relação entre as frequências foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher bilateral. O score de Wilson com correção de continuidade foi aplicado ao intervalo de confiança. Resultados: A idade mediana foi de 54,7 anos, sendo 52,5% pacientes do gênero feminino e 47,5% do gênero masculino. A comparação entre o protocolo de biópsias empregado (corpo + antro [CA] vs corpo + antro + incisura [CAI]) e os estágios OLGA e OLGIM apresentou uma diminuição significativa em ambos os sistemas de estadiamento quando aplicado o protocolo de biópsia restrito ao corpo e antro (OLGA CAI vs CA; p 0,008 / OLGIM CAI vs CA; p 0,002). A prevalência das lesões pré-malignas (AG, MI e displasia) da mucosa gástrica foi de (33,4%, 34% e 1,1%, respectivamente) na amostra total. A região do antro foi o sítio que apresentou significativamente maior número de alterações (p≤0,0001), exceto para a positividade da infecção por HP, a qual esteve presente em 24,8% dos pacientes. Não foi possível fazer correlação entre os fatores de risco para desenvolvimento do câncer gástrico com os achados histológicos devido à baixa prevalência dos mesmos e a casuística ter resultado em uma amostra bastante limitada. Conclusão: A biópsia da incisura angular é importante porque aumentou o número de casos em estágios mais avançados de atrofia e metaplasia intestinal. O estudo apresentou limitações, onde a principal delas foi a amostra relativamente pequena e composta por indivíduos saudáveis apesar de idosos na sua maior parte

Introduction: Gastric atrophy (GA) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) are pre-neoplastic conditions in the development of gastric cancer, where endoscopic and histopathological evaluation is based on the updated Sydney system that includes a biopsy of the incisura angularis (IA), as well as the Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment (OLGA) and Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment using Intestinal Metaplasia (OLGIM) gastric cancer risk staging systems. Objective: To compare the OLGA and OLGIM classifications with and without IA biopsy. In addition, to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) and preneoplastic changes (AG and IM) by biopsied region, and to identify the exclusive findings of IA. Also, to identify potential risk factors for gastric cancer associated with pre-neoplastic changes. Materials and Methods: Observational, retrospective and prospective, descriptive, unicentric study with 350 patients without a diagnosis of gastric cancer, who underwent upper digestive endoscopy with biopsies at Gastroclínica Itajaí, from November 2017 to October 2018 (retrospective) and from March 2020 to May 2022. The histopathological classification of gastritis followed the updated Sydney system, and the gastric cancer risk assessment followed the OLGA and OLGIM systems. The methodology applied evaluated the scores of the OLGA and OLGIM systems with and without the assessment of the IA biopsy. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive measures (frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation, 95% confidence interval). Ranks were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis or Wilcoxon tests. To analyze the relationship between the frequencies, the bilateral Fisher's exact test was used. Wilson's score with continuity correction was applied to the confidence interval. Results: The median age was 54,7 years, with 52,5% female patients and 47,4% male patients. The comparison between the used biopsies protocol (corpus + antrum [CA] vs corpus + antrum + incisura angularis [CAI]) and the OLGA and OLGIM stages showed a significant decrease in both staging systems when the biopsy protocol restricted to the corpus and antrum was applied (OLGA CAI vs CA; p 0,008 / OLGIM CAI vs CA; p 0,002). The prevalence of pre-malignant lesions (GA, IM and dysplasia) of the gastric mucosa was (33,4%, 34% and 1,1%, respectively) in the total sample. The antrum region was the site that presented a significantly higher number of alterations (p≤0,0001), except for the positivity of HP infection, which was present in 24,8% of the patients. It was not possible to make a correlation between the risk factors for the development of gastric cancer and the histological findings because the casuistry resulted in a very limited sample with low prevalence of risk factors. Conclusion: Incisura angularis biopsy is important because it increased the number of cases in more advanced stages of intestinal metaplasia and atrophy. The study had limitations, the main one being the relatively small sample composed of healthy individuals, although mostly elderly

Frecuencia de cambios morfológicos en biopsias gástricas asociadas a infección por Helicobacter Pylori / Frequency of morphological changes in gastric biopsies associated with Helicobacter pylori infection

Resumen Introducción: se han descrito cambios morfológicos asociados a la infección gástrica por H. pylori como: gastritis crónica superficial, gastritis atrófica, gastritis folicular y metaplasia intestinal. Importancia: La atrofia y la metaplasia gástrica pertenecen a la cascada de cambios histológicos que conducen al cáncer gástrico. Metodología: estudio retrospectivo de corte transversal en el que se analizaron pacientes con dispepsia; durante su examen se practicó endoscopia y biopsias gástricas. Se documentó infección o no por H. pylori y los cambios morfológicos presentes. Resultado: total de casos positivos para infección H. pylori en biopsias gástricas 127/166 (76.5%), casos negativos para infección H. pylori en biopsias gástricas 39/166 (23.4%). Edad promedio 45.38 años, sexo femenino 80/127 (63%), gastritis crónica superficial 61/127 (48%), gastritis nodular 43/127 (33.87%), atrofia gástrica 7/127 (5.5%), metaplasia intestinal 7/127 (5.5%). Biopsias negativas para H.pylori con diagnóstico de atrofia 5/39 (12.8%), con hallazgo de metaplasia fueron: 4/39 (10.2%). Conclusiones: los cambios morfológicos encontrados en biopsias gástricas son similares a la literatura universal. La atrofia y especialmente la metaplasia intestinal son cambios morfológicos asociados a la infección por H.pylori y son a su vez factores de riesgo para el desarrollo del cáncer gástrico que fueron documentados en la serie que presentamos. Hay casos negativos para la infección H.pylori, con cambios superficiales de atrofia y metaplasia por lo que es recomendable hacer estudios adicionales para descartar completamente la infección por H. pylori. (Acta Med Colomb 2021; 46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2021.1987).

Abstract Introduction: morphological changes associated with gastric H. pylori infection have been reported, such as chronic superficial gastritis, atrophic gastritis, follicular gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. Importance: Gastric atrophy and metaplasia are part of the cascade of histological changes that lead to gastric cancer. Methods: a retrospective cross-sectional study analyzing patients with dyspepsia; gastric endoscopy and biopsies were conducted during their exams. The presence or absence of H. pylori infection was documented along with the morphological changes present. Results: a total of 127/166 cases were positive for H.pylori infection on gastric biopsy (76.5%), and 39/166 cases were negative for H. pylori on gastric biopsy (23.4%). The average age was 45.38 years, 80/127 (63%) were female, 61/127 had superficial chronic gastritis (48%), 43/127 (33.87%) had nodular gastritis, 7/127 (5.5%) had gastric atrophy, and 7/127 (5.5%) had intestinal metaplasia. Of the biopsies which were negative for H. pylori, 5/39 (12.8%) had a diagnosis of atrophy, and 4/39 (10.2%) had a finding of metaplasia. in those with a diagnosis of atrophy Conclusions: the morphological changes found in gastric biopsies are similar to those reported in the international literature. Atrophy, and especially intestinal metaplasia, are morphological changes associated with H.pylori infection, and, in turn, risk factors for developing gastric cancer, which were documented in our study. There are H. pylori-negative cases with superficial atrophic and metaplastic changes; thus, it is advisable to carry out further studies to completely rule out H. pylori infection. (Acta Med Colomb 2021; 46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2021.1987).

Helicobacter pylori y cáncer gástrico / Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer

Introducción: El Helicobacter pylori se ha relacionado con el desarrollo de gastritis crónica atrófica, metaplasia intestinal y displasia, lesiones que pueden evolucionar a carcinoma gástrico. Existen investigaciones que demuestran que la erradicación de esta bacteria disminuye el riesgo de progresión histopatológica de las lesiones preneoplásicas, excepto la metaplasia intestinal y la displasia. Se realizó una revisión de los artículos publicados en las bases de datos Pubmed, Scielo, Medline y Cochrane, relacionados con el tema. Objetivo: Profundizar en los conocimientos relacionados con la infección por Helicobacter pylori y cáncer gástrico. Desarrollo: El adenocarcinoma es el tumor gástrico más frecuente y el Helicobacter pylori es el agente etiológico principal. En poblaciones de riesgo elevado, el adenocarcinoma gástrico de tipo intestinal, se precede de lesiones preneoplásicas (atrofia, metaplasia intestinal y displasia) que evoluciona al cáncer invasor. Conclusiones: Helicobacter pylori favorece la carcinogénesis gástrica, aunque existen otros factores de riesgo para el surgimiento del cáncer gástrico como son: la historia familiar, la pobre ingestión de frutas y vegetales y el bajo nivel socioeconómico(AU)

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori has been linked to the development of chronic atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia, lesions that can progress to gastric carcinoma. There is research showing that the eradication of this bacterium reduces the risk of histopathological progression of preneoplastic lesions, except for intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia. A bibliographic review was made of the articles published in the Pubmed, Scielo, Medline and Cochrane data bases, related to the topic, belonging to authors dedicated to the study of this problem. Objective: To go deepen in the knowledge related to Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer. Development: Adenocarcinoma is the most frequent gastric tumor and Helicobacter pylori is the main etiologic agent. In high-risk populations, gastric adenocarcinoma of the intestinal type, is preceded by preneoplasic lesions (atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia), that progresses to invasive cancer. Conclusions: Helicobacter pylori favors gastric carcinogenesis, although there are other risk factors for the development of gastric cancer such as: family history, poor intake of fruits and vegetables, and low socioeconomic leve(AU)

Evaluation of upper endoscopic findings in patients with restless legs syndrome and gastric complaints / Avaliação dos achados endoscópicos superiores em pacientes com síndrome das pernas inquietas e queixas gástricas

Abstract Background: The effect of gastrointestinal system disorders on Restless Legs Syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease (RLS/WED) has been previously demonstrated by using serological tests. However, this association has not been supported by histopathological studies so far. Objective: To investigate the relationship between RLS/WED, upper endoscopic imaging and histopathological results in patients diagnosed with RLS who underwent endoscopy because of gastrointestinal system (GIS) complaints. Methods: Case-control study, including 100 patients diagnosed with RLS who presented dyspeptic complaints and underwent upper GIS endoscopy and 106 age- and sex-matched controls. RLS diagnosis was evaluated according to the four main diagnostic criteria determined by the International RLS Study Group. All patients underwent upper GIS endoscopic intervention and at least one gastric and/or antral biopsy. Results: There was no significant difference between patients and controls in relation to endoscopically seen gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) findings and Helicobacter pylori (HP) positivity (p>0.05). Intestinal metaplasia and mucosal atrophy were more common in RLS/WED patients compared to controls (p=0.026 and p=0.017, respectively). Additionally, ferritin levels were found to be lower than the reference value. Conclusions: The detection of increased severity of intestinal metaplasia, mucosal atrophy, and gastric inflammation in RLS/WED patients with dyspeptic complaints may entail the close gastrointestinal system evaluation of these patients. However, larger randomized and controlled trials are required on this subject where patients are evaluated by upper GIS endoscopic biopsy.

Resumo Introdução: Os efeitos das doenças do sistema digestório sobre a Síndrome das Pernas Inquietas/doença de Willis-Ekbom (SPI/DWE) foram demonstrados previamente por testes sorológicos. No entanto, até o momento tal associação não foi corroborada por estudos histopatológicos. Objetivo: Investigar a relação entre a SPI/DWE, imagens de endoscopia digestiva alta e resultados histopatológicos em pacientes diagnosticados com SPI/DWE com queixas do sistema digestório. Métodos: Estudo caso-controle incluindo 100 pacientes com SPI/DWE e queixas dispépticas que foram submetidos à endoscopia digestiva alta, e 106 controles emparelhados para idade e sexo. O diagnóstico de SPI/DWE foi determinado com base nos quatro principais critérios do International RLS Study Group. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à intervenção endoscópica do sistema digestório superior e a pelo menos uma biópsia gástrica e/ou antral. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação à úlcera gástrica endoscopicamente observada, úlcera duodenal, doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) e positividade para Helicobacter pylori (HP) (p>0,05). Metaplasia intestinal e atrofia da mucosa foram mais comuns em pacientes com SPI/DWE em comparação aos controles (p=0,026 e p=0,017, respectivamente). Níveis de ferritina encontravam-se abaixo do valor de referência. Conclusão: A detecção de metaplasia intestinal grave, atrofia de mucosa e inflamação gástrica em pacientes com SPI/DWE com queixas dispépticas pode justificar a avaliação cuidadosa do sistema digestório nestes pacientes. Entretanto, são necessários estudos controlados e com amostras maiores com pacientes avaliados com biópsia por via endoscópica.

Morfología y repercusiones diagnóstico-terapéuticas de las lesiones preneoplásicas gástricas / Morphology and diagnostic determinants of gastric precancerous conditions

El carcinoma gástrico (CG) de tipo intestinal se origina en un epitelio displásico, que a su vez se desarrolla en medio de una atrofia gástrica (AG) y metaplasia intestinal (MI). La infección por Helicobacter pylori (HP) es la causa más frecuente de AG, causando una pangastritis atrófica multifocal. Entre otras condiciones que producen inflamación crónica de la mucosa gástrica se encuentran también la gastritis autoinmune y la anemia perniciosa. El marco conceptual sobre el cual descansa gran parte de la investigación actual y nuestra comprensión de los cambios que ocurren en la mucosa gástrica se debe a la denominada "cascada de Correa"; quien planteó que la mucosa gástrica crónicamente inflamada, da paso a la AG, que va adquiriendo focos de MI y en dicho epitelio se desarrollará finalmente una displasia (DIS). Se ha acuñado el término lesiones preneoplásicas gástricas (LPG), para referirse a: AG, MI y DIS.Después de la erradicación de HP, se ha demostrado una reducción general de la incidencia de CG; efecto que no es tan claro, cuando la pangastritis por HP ha evolucionado a AG extensa. De tal modo que el efecto de la erradicación de HP medido a través de EC, ha sido poco consistente. La AG grave diagnosticada por histología representa la condición de mayor riesgo. Por otra parte, la MI puede ser de tipo intestinal (delgado-entérica ó incompleta) y la colónica (colónica ó completa) considerándose a esta última, como la variedad de peor pronóstico. El diagnóstico histológico de este tipo de lesiones determina que quien las padece, debe someterse a vigilancia endoscópica. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue resumir la evidencia existente respecto de las LPG, en términos de su caracterización morfológica y sus repercusiones diagnóstico-terapéuticas (significado patológico, graduación del riesgo, vigilancia recomendada; y factores de riesgo).

Gastric carcinoma (GC) of intestinal type, originates from a dysplastic epithelium, which in turn develops in the midst of gastric atrophy (GA) and intestinal metaplasia (IM). Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is the most frequent cause of GA, causing a multifocal atrophic pangastritis. Among other conditions that produce chronic inflammation of gastric mucosa are also autoimmune gastritis and pernicious anemia. The conceptual framework on which much of current research rests and our understanding of the changes that occur in the gastric mucosa is due to the so-called "Correa waterfall"; who stated that gastric mucosa chronically inflamed, gives way to the GA, which is acquiring foci of IM and in said epithelium a dysplasia (DIS) will eventually develop. The term precancerous conditions (PCC) of the gastric mucosa have been coined to refer to: GA, IM and DIS. After HP eradication, a general reduction in the incidence of GC has been demonstrated; effect that is not so clear, when pangastritis by HP has evolved to extensive GA. Thus, the effect of HP eradication measured through clinical trials has been inconsistent. Severe GA diagnosed represents the highest risk condition. On the other hand, IM can be enteric (grade I), enterocolic (grade II) or colonic (grade III); considering IM III as the variety with the worst prognosis. Histological diagnosis of gastric PCC, determines that the one who suffers them, must undergo endoscopic surveillance. The aim of this manuscript was to update morphological aspects and diagnostic-therapeutic scope of gastric PCC.

Is there a relation between helybacter pylori and intestinal metaplasia in short column epitelization up to 10 mm in the distal esophagus? / Existe relação entre o helicobacter pylori e metaplasia intestinal nas epitelizações colunares curtas até 10 mm no esôfago distal?

ABSTRAT Background: The presence of intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus (Barrett's esophagus) is an important precursor of adenocarcinoma. Knowledge of the risk factors and the process by which the Barrett develops is very important and Helicobacter pylori (HP) can contribute to this development. Aim: To analyze the impact of HP in the gastric mucosa with intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus in areas of columnar epithelialization smaller than 10 mm in length and epidemiological data on prevalence Method: A retrospective study in which were included 373 consecutive patients diagnosed with columnar epithelium in the distal esophagus was done. In all, HP was investigated by urease and histology, exclusion and inclusion factors were applied and patients were divided into two groups: the first grouping the ones without histological diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus (235-63%) and the second with it (138-37%). Results: There was no significant difference between HP and non-HP patients in relation to the probability of having intestinal metaplasia (p=0.587). When related to the general group, there was an inverse association between the bacterium and the columnar epithelia in the distal esophagus. Age (p=0.031), gender (p=0.013) and HP (p=0.613) when related together to intestinal metaplasia showed no significant relation. In isolation, when related to age and gender, regardless of HP, results confirmed that patients in more advanced age and women present a higher incidence of intestinal metaplasia. Conclusion: There is an inverse relation between HP and the areas of columnar epithelization in the distal esophagus, regardless of the presence or absence of intestinal metaplasia. Age and gender, regardless of HP, showed higher prevalence in women and in older the number of cases with intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus.

RESUMO Racional: A presença de metaplasia intestinal no esôfago distal (esôfago de Barrett) é importante doença precursora do adenocarcinoma. O conhecimento sobre os fatores de risco e o processo pelo qual ela se desenvolve é importante e o Helicobacter pylori (HP) pode contribuir para esse desenvolvimento. Objetivo: Analisar o impacto do HP na mucosa gástrica sobre a metaplasia intestinal no esôfago distal em áreas de epitelização colunar menores que 10 mm de extensão e dados epidemiológicos de prevalência. Método: Estudo retrospectivo com inclusão de 373 pacientes consecutivos, com diagnóstico de epitélio colunar no esôfago distal. Em todos foi pesquisado o HP pela urease e histologia, aplicados os fatores de exclusão e inclusão e divididos em dois grupos: o primeiro agregando os pacientes sem diagnóstico histológico de esôfago de Barrett (235-63%) e o segundo com ele (138-37%). Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os portadores ou não do HP em relação à probabilidade de ter metaplasia intestinal (p=0,587). Quando relacionado ao grupo geral, houve associação inversa entre a bactéria e a epitelização colunar em esôfago distal. A idade (p=0,031), gênero (p=0,013) e HP (p=0,613) quando relacionados juntos à metaplasia intestinal não mostraram relação significativa. Isoladamente, quando relacionados idade e gênero, independente do HP, surgiram resultados confirmando que pacientes de idade mais avançada e mulheres apresentam maior incidência de metaplasia intestinal. Conclusão: Existe relação inversa entre HP e as áreas de epitelização colunar em esôfago distal, independente da presença ou não de metaplasia intestinal. Já em relação à idade e gênero, independente do HP, notou-se que em mulheres e com maior a idade há aumento no número de casos com metaplasia intestinal no esôfago distal.

La alta prevalencia de lesiones premalignas gástricas y el bajo rendimiento diagnóstico de la visión endoscópica son argumentos a favor de la toma sistemática de biopsias gástricas por Protocolo Sydney / The high prevalence of gastric premalignant lesions and the low diagnostic performance of endoscopic vision advocate towards a systematic gastric biopsy sampling using Sydney Protocol

Background: Atrophic gastritis (AG) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) are stages that appear in the process of gastric carcinogenesis. Their presence requires programmed endoscopic vigilance. Objectives: To determine the frequency of AG and IM in gastric biopsies (GB) taken according to Sydney Protocol and to correlate them with endoscopic findings. Methods: Retrospective descriptive analysis of 233 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies with GB per Sydney Protocol. OLGA (Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment) and OLGIM (Operative Link for Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Assessment) scores were calculated based on the GB description. Endoscopic findings were analyzed for atypical findings and compared to the GB report. Statistic analysis for Kappa and ANOVA was performed via Stata 12. Results: Mean age of patients was 58 ± 12 years. 69% were women. The frequency of AG and IM was 44% and 33% in the antrum, 31% and 20% in the angular incisure and 14% and 9% in the body, respectively. AG and IM were more frequent in the antrum (p < 0.05). AG and IM were more severe in the angular incisure and body (p < 0.05). We were unable to calculate OLGA and OLGIM in 6% and 9% of cases, respectively, due to absence of severity description in GB. 53% were OLGA 0, 42% OLGA I-II and 5% OLGA III-IV. 70% were OLGIM 0, 25% OLGIM I-II and 5% OLGIM III-IV. Agreement between endoscopic and histological findings was best for IM in the antrum (75.5%, Kappa 0.4). Sensitivity and specificity of endoscopic findings were 39% and 70% for AG, and 30% and 85% for IM, respectively. Conclusion: AG and IM are frequent findings in our patients. Due to the low endoscopic sensitivity for AG and IM, we suggest a systematic GB sampling using Sydney Protocol in patients over 40 years old.

Introducción: La gastritis crónica atrófica (GCA) y la metaplasia intestinal (MI) son etapas en el proceso de carcinogénesis gástrica, su presencia requiere control endoscópico programado. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de GCA y MI en biopsias gástricas (BG) por protocolo de Sydney y relacionarlas con el hallazgo endoscópico. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo mediante revisión de 233 endoscopias digestivas altas con BG por Protocolo Sydney. Se graduó puntaje OLGA (Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment) y OLGIM (Operative Link for Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Assessment) según la descripción de la BG. Se definió el hallazgo endoscópico según su informe y se comparó con BG como patrón de referencia. Estadística: Stata 12 para Kappa y ANOVA. Resultados: Edad promedio 58 ± 12 años, 69% mujeres. La frecuencia de GCA y MI en antro fue de 44 y 33%, en ángulo 31 y 20% y en cuerpo 14 y 9%, respectivamente. Hubo mayor frecuencia de GCA y MI en antro (p < 0,05). La graduación de GCA y MI fue mayor en ángulo y cuerpo (p < 0,05). No se obtuvo OLGA en 6% y OLGIM en 9% por ausencia de graduación. La frecuencia de OLGA 0 fue de 53%, OLGA I-II 42%, OLGA III-IV 5%, OLGIM O 70%, OLGIM I-II 25% y OLGIM III-IV 5%. La mejor correlación se observó entre la MI antral endoscópica con la histológica (75,5%, Kappa 0,4). La sensibilidad y especificidad endoscópica fue de 39 y 70% para GCA y 30 y 85% para MI. Conclusión: GCA y MI son hallazgos frecuentes en nuestros pacientes. Por la baja sensibilidad endoscópica en la identificación de GCA y MI sugerimos la toma sistemática de BG por protocolo de Sydney en pacientes mayores de 40 años.

Características endoscópicas y patológicas del cáncer gástrico en un hospital público peruano / Endoscopic and pathological characteristics of gastric cancer in a Peruvian public hospital

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar las características endoscópicas y patológicas del cáncer gástrico del Hospital Nacional Luis N. Sáenz entre 2008 y 2013. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo transversal. Se revisó los informes endoscópicos, de pacientes mayores a 30 años, se ingresó al estudio el diagnóstico histológico de adenocarcinoma gástrico, las variables patológicas como tipo histológico, presencia deH. pylori y de metaplasia intestinal e incompleta. Resultados: Se identificó 92 casos de adenocarcinoma gástrico. Prevalencia promedio 0,6%, prevalencia de 0,34% en 2009 y 0,82% en 2013, sexo masculino 62%, femenino 38%, edad menor de 55 años 16%, mayor a 76 años 42%; presentación endoscópica Borrmann III 57%, II 16,3%, IV 15%, V 7,6%, I 3,3%; presentación distal 8 veces más frecuente que la proximal, tipo histológico intestinal 75%, H. pylori presente en 50% casos, metaplasia intestinal en 40% de casos de cáncer gástrico. Conclusiones: Se encontró una alta prevalencia de cáncer gástrico. Frecuente en sexo masculino y en mayores de 76 años, presentación endoscópica más frecuente fue Borrmann III, la presencia de H. pylori y metaplasia intestinal incompleta asociada a cáncer tipo intestinal

ABSTRACT Objective: The endoscopic and pathological characteristics of gastric cancer in Luis N. Sáenz National Hospital between 2008 and 2013. Materials and methods: retrospective cross-sectional observational study. We reviewed the endoscopic reports of patients older than 30 years, we studied the histological diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma, pathological variables such as histological type, presence of H. pylori and complete and incomplete intestinal metaplasia. Results: 92 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma were identified. Average prevalence 0.6%, 0.34% in 2009 and 0.82% in 2013; 62% male, 38% female, age less than 55 years 16%, greater than 76 years 42%; endoscopic presentation Borrmann III 57%, II 16.3%, IV 15%, V 7.6%, I 3.3%; 8 times most frequent presentations distal the proximal v, 75% histologic intestinal type, H. pylori in 50% cases, intestinal metaplasia in 40% of cases of gastric cancer. Conclusion: We found high prevalence of gastric cancer. Common in males, and in people over 76, more frequent endoscopic presentation was Borrmann III, the presence of H. pylori and incomplete intestinal metaplasia associated with intestinal cancer type.

Impacto del sistema OLGA en la detección de gastritis crónica atrófica en Colombia: un estudio de casos y controles / A Case and Control Study of the OLGA System’s Impact on Detection of Chronic Atrophic Gastritis in Colombia

Introducción: la gastritis crónica atrófica (GCA) es una entidad clinicopatológica relacionada con cáncer gástrico (CG) de tipo intestinal. Su principal causa es Helicobacter pylori. Actualmente, además del diagnóstico, se recomienda evaluar la extensión de la atrofia o de la metaplasia intestinal, para estadificar el riesgo de CG. El método más preciso para la atrofia es el OLGA, que exige 5 biopsias: 2 del cuerpo, 2 del antro y 1 de la incisura angularis, marcadas y enviadas en frascos separados. En Colombia, no se ha evaluado el rendimiento de OLGA en el estudio de la atrofia gástrica. Materiales y métodos: estudio de casos y controles. Los casos son pacientes en quienes se hizo el muestreo de biopsias para el OLGA. Los controles pacientes con menos de 5 biopsias gástricas, sin el muestreo del OLGA. Resultados: 1599 casos y 4191 controles. Edad promedio de los casos: 49±12 años versus controles 54±10 años (p: NS). H. pylori: 60% versus 57%. GCA en casos: 42% versus 26%. El 12,3% tenía OLGA III/IV y el 88%, OLGA 0, I o II, los cuales no ameritarían vigilancia endoscópica. Conclusión: el sistema OLGA permite detectar un 61,8% más de atrofia que la detectada con un muestreo insuficiente de biopsias gástricas. La mayoría de los casos (88%) tuvo bajo riesgo de CG (estado 0-II) y no se justificaría vigilancia endoscópica.

Introduction: Chronic atrophic gastritis (GCA) is a clinicopathological entity related to intestinal type gastric cancer (GC) whose main cause is helicobacter pylori. Currently, in addition to the diagnosis, it is recommended that the extent of atrophy or intestinal metaplasia be evaluated in order to stage the GC risk. The most accurate method for atrophy is OLGA which requires five biopsies: two from the corpus, two from the antrum and one from the angular incisure. Each biopsy is marked placed in a separate tube and marked. In Colombia, the use of OLGA to study gastric atrophy had not been evaluated previously. Materials and methods: This is a case and control study whose cases are patients who had biopsies taken to be studied with OLGA. Control patients had less than five gastric biopsies, without OLGA sampling. Results: This study includes 1,599 cases and 4,191 controls. The average age of cases was 49 +/- 12 years, and the average age of controls was 54 +/- 10 years (p: NS). H. pylori infections were found in 60% of the cases and in 57% of the controls while 42% of the cases were found to have gastric cancer and 26% of the cases were found to have GC. 12.3% had OLGA III or IV and 88% had OLGA 0, I or II and did not merit endoscopic monitoring. Conclusion: The OLGA system detects 61.8% more atrophy than is detected with less sampling of gastric biopsies. Most of the cases (88%) had low risk of GC (stages 0-II) and did not require endoscopic monitoring

Prevalencia de Helicobacter pylori y características histopatológicas en biopsias gástricas de pacientes con síntomas dispépticos en un centro de referencia de Medellín / Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and Histopathological Features in Gastric Biopsies from Patients with Dyspeptic Symptoms at a Referral Center in Medellin

Introducción: Helicobacter pylori produce la infección crónica más prevalente en el mundo, principalmente en países en desarrollo. Objetivo: el principal objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de la infección por H. pylori y gastritis en pacientes con síntomas dispépticos llevados a endoscopia digestiva superior y correlacionarlos con los principales hallazgos histopatológicos. Métodos: se revisaron 2708 biopsias gástricas de pacientes que consultaron por síntomas dispépticos entre el año 2012 y 2013 en la Clínica Diagnóstica Especializada VID de la Congregación Mariana de Medellín, y cuyas biopsias se estudiaron en el laboratorio de dicha institución. Las variables histológicas de los resultados reportados por el patólogo se analizaron con métodos estadísticos. Resultados: la prevalencia de la infección por H. pylori fue del 36,4%; la media de edad de los pacientes infectados fue de 46,5 años (DE 17,1), con un pico de prevalencia en el grupo de 40-49 años, a partir del cual disminuyó. La cantidad de H. pylori se correlacionó con la intensidad de la inflamación y de la actividad; asimismo, la presencia de la bacteria se asoció con metaplasia, folículos linfoides, atrofia y pólipos hiperplásicos. La intensidad de la inflamación se asoció con la cantidad de H. pylori y la actividad neutrofílica. Conclusión: la prevalencia de la infección por H. pylori en este estudio es baja comparada con otras investigaciones, y exhibió un comportamiento inusual en los grupos de edad descritos. La cantidad de H. pylori se correlacionó con la intensidad de la inflamación y de la actividad neutrofílica.

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori infection is considered to be the most prevalent chronic infection in the world. It occurs primarily in developing countries. Objective: The main objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of H. pylori infections and gastritis in patients with dyspeptic symptoms who underwent upper endoscopy and correlate endoscopic findings with principal histopathological findings. Methods: We reviewed 2,708 gastric biopsies from patients who had come to the VID Specialized Diagnostic Clinic of the Congregación Mariana in Medellín because of dyspeptic symptoms in 2012 and 2013. Biopsies were studied in the VID Clinical Laboratory of the Congregación Mariana. Histological variables of the results reported by the pathologist were analyzed with statistical methods. Results: The prevalence of H. pylori infection was 36.4%, the average age of infected patients was 46.5 years (SD: 17.1) with a peak prevalence in the group between 40 and 49 years. Prevalence decreased after age 49. The amount of H. pylori was correlated with the intensity of inflammation and activity. The presence of the bacteria was associated with the presence of metaplasia, lymphoid follicles, atrophy and hyperplastic polyps. The intensity of inflammation was associated with the amount of H. pylori and neutrophil activity. Conclusion: The prevalence of H. pylori infection in our study is low compared with other research and exhibited unusual behavior by age group. The amount of H. pylori was correlated with the intensity of inflammation and neutrophil activity.

Aumento de detección de lesiones gástricas premalignas mediante protocolo Sydney en comparación con biopsias no protocolizadas / Increased detection of premalignant gastric lesions through Sydney protocol in comparison with non-protocolized gastric biopsies

Introduction: Gastric cancer (GC) is the leading cause of cancer mortality in Chile. The development ofgastric adenocarcinoma its preceded by a histopathologic cascade composed of gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and gastric dysplasia. Sydney protocol has been proposed as the standard method for diagnosingthese conditions. The aim of this research study was to establish whether Sydney protocol increase thedetection of premalignant gastric lesions, as gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia, compared to non protocolizedendoscopies/biopsies. Methods: Upper gastroduodenal endoscopies (GDE) from Hospital Clí-nico Universidad Católica de Chile between April-May 2015 and April-May 2016 was analyzed. Patientswith histological study with 18 years-old or older were included. Patients with history of GC or malignantlesions at GDE where excluded. Detection of gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and suggestive findingsof autoimmune gastritis where compared between Sydney protocol and non-protocolized endoscopies/biopsies...

Introducción: El cáncer gástrico (CG) es la principal causa de muertes por cáncer en Chile. El desarrollo del adenocarcinoma gástrico es precedido por una cascada histopatológica (gastritis; atrofia gástrica/AG; metaplasia intestinal/MI). Se ha propuesto la biopsia del cuerpo, ángulo y antro a través del protocolo de Sydney para la búsqueda de estas condiciones. Objetivo: Determinar la diferencia en la detección delesiones premalignas gástricas a través del protocolo de Sydney comparado con el estudio endoscópico habitual. Métodos: Se analizaron las endoscopias digestivas altas (EDA) realizadas en el Centro de Endoscopia Digestiva del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad Católica en los períodos entre abril y mayo del 2015 y 2016. Se incluyeron las EDA de pacientes mayores de 18 años con estudio histológico. Fueron excluidos los pacientes con antecedente personal de CG o lesiones de aspecto maligno macroscópicas. Se comparó la detección de AG, MI y gastritis autoinmune (GA) en el estudio histológico entre los pacientes con protocolo Sydney y el estudio endoscópico no protocolizado...

"Helicobacter pylori, hoy": una historia de 30 años / "Helicobacter pylori, today": a 30 year history

En 1983, hace 30 años, Warren JR y Marshall BJ publican el artículo en Lancet1, que revolucionó el entendimiento de varias patologías gástricas, al encontrar un bacilo curvo no identificado en el epitelio gástrico, en gastritis crónica activa, de forma casi fortuita, al bacilo llamado subsecuentemente, Campylobacter pylori y con la nomenclatura de hoy, Helicobacter pylori. Fue considerado por la OMS carcinogenético gástrico el año 2001 (Figura 1). En el 2005, fueron galardonados con el Premio Nobel de Medicina, por su contribución (Figura 2). Es el tópico que más publicaciones científicas ha generado en la literatura. En la presente revisión, nos ocuparemos de un enfoque eminentemente práctico, sobre hechos de relevancia clínica de su presencia, de su diagnóstico, de la terapéutica y sus variables actuales y de los diferentes escenarios, en los cuales nos desenvolvemos. Se hace mención de un excelente documento generado en un Consenso actualizado en Latinoamérica2.

In 1983, 30 years ago, Warren JR & Marshall BJ, published in Lancet, their leading revolutionary article1, modifying the understanding of several gastric pathologies, thanks to the discovery of an unidentified curved bacilli in the gastric epithelium, in chronic active gastritis, almost unvoluntariously, nominated sequentially Campylobacter pylori and according to the today's nomenclature Helicobacter pylori. It has been considered gastric carcinogen by WHO in 2001 (Figure 1). In 2005, they were awarded with the Nobel Prize of Medicine for their contribution (Figure 2). It is the topic generating the highest number of scientific publications, in the literature. In this publication, we deal with a practical focus on clinical relevant aspects, related with its presence, its diagnosis, the therapeutic approach and its variables, and tackling the different clinical scenarios. A recently published practical Latin American consensus, has been preferently considered2.

Expresión de mucinas: MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC6, HGM y CD10 en carcinomas gástricos y lesiones pre-neoplasicas adyacentes / MUCIN EXPRESSION: MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC6, HGM AND CD10 IN GASTRIC CARCINOMAS AND ADJACENT PRE-NEOPLASTIC LESIONS

Introducción: Las mucinas son glicoproteínas y desempeñan funciones biológicas. Diversas anormalidades genéticas y epgenéticas han sido descritas en el cáncer gástrico. El objetivo de la investigación fue observar la inmuno-expresión de mucinas en cánceres difusos e intestinales y las lesiones pre-neoplásicas limítrofes. Métodos: Se evaluaron 18 cánceres difusos (56.3%) y 14 intestinales (43.7%) y las lesiones precursoras adyacentes al cáncer gástrico. Se realizó inmunohistoquímica para los siguientes marcadores: MUC-1, MUC-2, MUC5-AC, MUC-6, HGM y CD10. Resultados: La inmune-expresiones fue: MUC-1 (54.5%), de los cánceres intestinales y (45.5%) de los cánceres difusos. MUC-2 (50%) de los cánceres difusos y (50%) de los cánceres del tipo intestinal. MUC-5AC (39.3%) del tipo difuso (60.7%) del tipo intestinal. HGM (37.5%) del tipo intestinal y (62.5%) del tipo difuso. MUC-6 (57.9%) del tipo difuso (42.1%) los del tipo intestinal. CD10 (55.6%) del tipo intestinal, y (44.4%) en los difusos.En las lesiones pre- cursoras adyacentes al cáncer gástrico la MUC-1 se inmunoexpresa en metaplasia intestinal (9.7%). MUC-2 (83.9%) en metaplasia intestinal. MUC5-AC (90,6%) en foveolas MUC-6 (100%) positiva en glándulas. CD10 (54.8%) positiva en metaplasia intestinal.HGM (75%) en foveolas y el (64.5%) en metaplasia intestinal. MUC-6 (100%) en glándulas profundas y (64,5%) en metaplasia intestinal. Las dis- plasias expresaron MUC-2 y MUC-5AC, en el 80% y 100% respectivamente. Conclusiones: La inmunotipificación del cáncer gástrico permitirá una clasificación más exacta de los tumores asi como la identificación de posibles dianas terapéuticas y su relación con factores genético y epigeneticos.

Introduction: Mucins are glycoproteins and has diverse biological roles. Epi-genetic abnormalities have been described in gastric cancer. The aim of the research was evaluate immunoexpression of mucins in diffuse and intestinal cancers and pre-neoplastic lesions. Methods: We evaluated 18 diffuse cancers (56.3%) and 14 intestinal (43.7%) and adjacent precursor lesions to gastric cancer immunohistochemical markers used was MUC-1, MUC-2-AC MUC5, MUC-6, and CD10 HGM. Results: The immuno-expression was: MUC-1 (54.5%), and intestinal cancers (45.5%) diffuse cancers. MUC-2 (50%) and diffuse cancers (50%) of cancers of the intestinal type. MUC-5AC (39.3%) diffuse type (60.7%) of intestinal type.HGM (37.5%) intestinal type (62.5%) in diffuse type. MUC-6 (57.9%) diffuse type (42.1%) in the intestinal type. CD10 (55.6%) in intestinal type, and (44.4%) in the diffuse type In adjacent precursor lesions to gastric cancer we observed MUC-1 in intestinal metaplasia (9.7%). MUC-2 (83.9%) in intestinal metaplasia. MUC5-AC (90.6%) in foveolasMUC-6 (100%) positive glands. CD10 (54.8%) positive in intestinal.HGM metaplasia(75%) and in foveolae (64.5%) in metaplasia intestinal. MUC-6 (100%) deep glands (64.5%) in metaplasia.intestinal. Dys- plasias expressed MUC-2 and MUC-5AC, 80% and 100% respectively. Conclusions: The gastric cancer immunotyping allow more accurate classification of tumors and the identification of potential therapeutic targets and its relationship with genetic and epigenetic factors.

Gastric cancer: Overview / Cáncer Gastrico: Punto de vista

Abstract Gastric cancer ranks fourth in incidence and second in mortality among all cancers worldwide. Despite the decrease in incidence in some regions of the world, gastric cancer continues to present a major clinical challenge due to most cases being diagnosed in advanced stages with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The development of gastric cancer is a complex and multifactorial process involving a number of etiological factors and multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. Among the predisposing factors are: Helicobacter pylori infection, high salt intake, smoking, and in a small percentage of patients, a familial genetic component. More than 95% of stomach cancer cases are adenocarcinomas, which are classified into two major histologic types: intestinal and diffuse. Intestinal type adenocarcinoma is preceded by a sequence of gastric lesions known as Correa´s cascade and is the histologic type associated with the global decrease in gastric cancer rates. Diffuse type adenocarcinomas have a more aggressive behavior and worse prognosis than those of the intestinal type. According to the anatomical location, adenocarcinomas are classified as proximal (originating in the cardia) and distal (originating in the body and antrum). This classification seems to recognize two different clinical entities. Surgical resection of the tumor at an early stage is the only effective treatment method. Therefore, the identification and surveillance of patients at risk may play a significant role in survival rates. Anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy has been shown to be an effective measure in the prevention of gastric cancer.

Resumen El cáncer gástrico ocupa el cuarto lugar en incidencia y el segundo en mortalidad entre todos los cánceres en todo el mundo. A pesar de la disminución de la incidencia en algunas regiones del mundo, el cáncer gástrico continúa siendo un reto clínico debido a que la mayoría de los casos se diagnostican en etapas avanzadas con mal pronóstico y las opciones de tratamiento limitadas. El desarrollo de cáncer gástrico es un proceso complejo y multifactorial que implica un número de factores etiológicos y múltiples alteraciones genéticas y epigenéticas. Entre los factores predisponentes están: infección por Helicobacter pylori, alto consumo de sal, tabaquismo, y en un pequeño porcentaje de los pacientes, un componente genético familiar. Más del 95% de los casos de cáncer de estómago son adenocarcinomas, que se clasifican en dos principales tipos histológicos: intestinal y difuso. Adenocarcinoma de tipo intestinal es precedida por una secuencia de lesiones gástricas conocidas como cascada de Correa y es el tipo histológico asociado con la disminución global de las tasas de cáncer gástrico. Los Adenocarcinomas de tipo difuso tienen un comportamiento más agresivo y peor pronóstico que aquellos del tipo intestinal. De acuerdo con la localización anatómica, los adenocarcinomas se clasifican como proximal (originario en el cardias) y distal (que se origina en el cuerpo y antro). Esta clasificación parece reconocer dos entidades clínicas diferentes. La resección quirúrgica del tumor en una etapa temprana es el método de tratamiento eficaz. Por lo tanto, la identificación y vigilancia de los pacientes de alto riesgo pueden desempeñar un papel importante en las tasas de supervivencia. La terapia anti-Helicobacter pylori ha demostrado ser una medida eficaz en la prevención del cáncer gástrico.

Hepatocyte antigen expression in subtypes of intestinal metaplasia of the stomach / Expresión del antígeno del hepatocito en los subtipos de metaplasia intestinal del estómago

OBJECTIVE: Recently, hepatocyte antigen (Hep) was introduced as a sensitive and reliable marker of intestinal metaplasia (IM). However, the distribution of Hep expression in subtypes of IM was not described. METHODS: We examined the expression of Hep in 58 cases of chronic gastritis associated with IM by immunohistochemical staining. Cases were classified as: 19 of IM Type I (complete) cases, 16 cases of IM Type II (incomplete) and 23 cases of IM Type III (incomplete). The distribution of Hep expression was classified into four groups according to the intensity of Hep expressing metaplastic cells: negative, low, moderate and high. We also compared expression of Hep with that of MUC-1, MUC-2 and MUC-5AC. RESULTS: Hep expression showed granular cytoplasmic staining and was specifically identified in columnar cells, but not in goblet cells. There was no significant difference between Hep expression and subtypes of IM (p > 0.005). However, the difference between the distribution of Hep expression among three subtypes of IM was significant (p < 0.001). No relationship was observed among the expression of Hep, MUC-1, MUC-2 and MUC-5AC. CONCLUSION: Results of the present study revealed that the distribution of Hep expression is high in the majority of the complete type (Type I) IM cases, moderate in the majority of the incomplete Type II IM cases and low in all of the incomplete Type III IM cases and suggest that besides its role as a sensitive marker in IM, the evaluation of the distribution of Hep expression might be useful in the classification of IM.

OBJETIVO: El antígeno del hepatocito (Hep) se introdujo recientemente como un marcador sensible y confiable de la metaplasia intestinal (MI). Sin embargo, no se describe la distribución de la expresión de Hep en los subtipos de MI. MÉTODOS: Se examinó la expresión de Hep en 58 casos de gastritis crónica asociados con MI mediante tinción inmunohistoquímica. Los casos fueron clasificados como: 19 casos de tipo MI (completo), 16 casos de tipo MI II (incompleto), y 23 casos de tipo MI III (incompleto). La distribución de la expresión del Hep se clasificó en cuatro grupos según la intensidad de Hep, que expresa las células metaplásticas: negativa, baja, moderada y alta. También se comparó la expresión de Hep con la de MUC-1, MUC-2 y MUC-5AC. RESULTADOS: La expresión de Hep mostró tinción citoplasmática granular, específicamente identificada en las células columnares, pero no en las células caliciformes. No hubo ninguna diferencia significativa entre la expresión de Hep y los subtipos de MI (p > 0.005). Sin embargo, la diferencia entre la distribución de la expresión del Hep entre tres subtipos de MI fue significativa (p < 0.001). No se observó relación alguna entre la expresión de Hep, MUC-1, MUC-2 y MUC-5AC. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados del presente estudio revelaron que la distribución de la expresión de Hep es alta en la mayoría de los casos MI de tipo completo (tipo I), moderada en la mayoría de los casos MI de tipo II, y baja en todos los casos MI de tipo III incompleto. Los resultados sugieren que además de su papel como marcador sensible en MI, la evaluación de la distribución de expresión del Hep podría ser útil en la clasificación de MI.